RESUMEN
La amiloidosis AL es una enfermedad debida al depósito, en órganos y tejidos, de fibrillas formadas por cadenas livianas producidas de forma patológica por plasmocitos clonales. Su tratamiento actualmente está orientado a erradicar el clon de células plasmáticas; este históricamente se extrapoló de tratamientos disponibles y estudiados para otras discrasias sanguíneas. En el año 2020, el Grupo de Estudio de Amiloidosis (GEA) confeccionó distintas guías de práctica clínica para el tratamiento de la amiloidosis AL. Desde entonces se han publicado ensayos clínicos que arrojan contundencia al conocimiento disponible hasta el momento, y están en desarrollo nuevas líneas de investigación que robustecen y estimulan el estudio en el área. En esta revisión se realiza una actualización de las guías existentes en lo que respecta al tratamiento de la amiloidosis por cadenas livianas.Como evidencia de relevancia, en el último año estuvieron disponibles resultados de ensayos clínicos que respaldan el uso de esquemas basados en daratumumab (un anticuerpo monoclonal anti-CD38+) para pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de amiloidosis AL como primera línea. Además, para el tratamiento de la amiloidosis AL refractaria o recaída, la disponibilidad de bibliografía respaldatoria es escasa y extrapolada del tratamiento del mieloma múltiple; sin embargo, actualmente existe evidencia de calidad para recomendar el uso de ixazomib, un inhibidor de proteosoma reversible por vía oral disponible en la Argentina desde 2020. Por último, se mencionan algunas líneas de investigación con otros anticuerpos monoclonales y terapéuticas basadas en el uso de CAR-T cells. (AU)
AL amyloidosis is a disease caused by the deposit in different organs and tissues of protein fibrils formed by light chains synthetized by pathological clonal plasma cells. Its treatment is currently aimed at eradicating this plasma cell clone and it has been historically extrapolated from available and validated treatments for other blood dyscrasias. In 2020, the Amyloidosis Study Group prepared different clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of AL amyloidosis.Since then, clinical trials have been published that confirm and strengthen the knowledge available up to now, and new lines of research are being developed that stimulate study in the area. In this review, an update of the existing guidelines regarding the treatment of AL amyloidosis is made. As relevant evidence, in the last year, results of clinical trials have been made available that support the use of regimens based on Daratumumab (an anti-CD38+ monoclonal antibody) for patients with newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis as first line therapy. In addition, for the treatment of refractory or relapsed AL amyloidosis, where the availability of supporting literature is scant and extrapolated from the treatment of multiple myeloma, there is currently quality evidence to recommend the use of ixazomib, an oral reversible proteasome inhibitor, only available in Argentina since 2020. Finally, some research lines exploring the efficacy of other monoclonal antibodies and therapeutic experiments based on the use of CAR-T cells are mentioned. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Antígeno de Maduración de Linfocitos B/uso terapéutico , Amiloidosis de Cadenas Ligeras de las Inmunoglobulinas/tratamiento farmacológico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Recurrencia , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Trasplante de Células Madre HematopoyéticasRESUMEN
Objective: The study investigated the efficacy and safety of daratumumab in the treatment of cardiac light chain (AL) amyloidosis. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics, hematologic response, organ response, long-term survival, and adverse events of 20 patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory cardiac AL amyloidosis treated with daratumumab in Peking Union Medical College Hospitalo from January 2017 to March 2021. Results: The overall median age of 20 patients was 62 (range, 45-73) yeas, with a male to female ratio of 2.3:1. Nine patients were newly diagnosed, while 11 patients had relapsed or refractory disease. Based on Mayo 2004 cardiac AL staging system, stages Ⅱ and Ⅲ diseases were present in 20 patients respectively. Four patients died during the first cycle of daratumumab, and the remaining 16 patients completed a median of 3 (range, 1-10) cycles of treatment. Overall hematologic response rates were 80% each at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment initiation, and 45% , 60% , and 60% of the patients achieved at least a very good partial response at 1, 3, and 6 months respectively. The median duration to hematologic response was 13 (range, 6-28) days. At 3, 6, and 12 months, 20% , 30% , and 40% of the patients respectively achieved a cardiac response, and the median days to response was 91 (range, 30-216) days. As of the last follow-up, 9 (45% ) patients died. The 1-month mortality rate of all the patients and stage IIIb patients was 25% and 40% , respectively. The 1-year overall survival rate was 48.4% . Lymphocytopenia was the most common hematological adverse event (above grade 3) . Non-hematological adverse events were mainly infusion-related reactions and infections. Conclusion: Daratumumab could induce deep and rapid hematologic response in newly diagnosed and previously treated cardiac AL amyloidosis patients. However, daratumumab was not effective in preventing the high and early mortality rate in stage Ⅲb patients.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Amiloidosis de Cadenas Ligeras de las Inmunoglobulinas/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Antecedentes: la amiloidosis es una enfermedad sistémica que resulta del depósito de proteínas mal plegadas; en la amiloidosis de cadena ligera de la inmunoglobulina (AL), las fibrillas están compuestas de fragmentos de cadenas ligeras monoclonales. En la Argentina, la densidad de incidencia de amiloidosis AL es 4,54 cada millón de personas/año. Caso: paciente femenina de 71 años que consulta por dolor neural localizado en miembro superior izquierdo, asociado a edemas en ambos miembros inferiores y disnea de esfuerzo, pérdida de peso, constipación y macroglosia. Al examen físico presenta tensión arterial de 100/60 mm Hg; está afebril, saturando 98% de aire ambiente; peso de 46 kg y un índice de masa corporal de 18,9. Se constatan cadenas livianas libres Kappa: 5,8 mg/L, Lambda: 430 mg/L y con relación K/L: 0,13 mg/L y un ProBNP de 1686 pg/mL. La biopsia de grasa abdominal informó depósitos de amiloide, tinción de rojo Congo positivo. Resonancia magnética (RM) de corazón con contraste (gadolinio), compatible con amiloidosis cardíaca. La tomografía computarizada (TC) de tórax demostró un área de consolidación en lóbulo superior del pulmón derecho, rojo Congo positivo focal. Ante el diagnóstico de amiloidosis AL se realiza tratamiento con CYBORD. Se consolidó el tratamiento con un trasplante autólogo de médula ósea. Discusión: la afectación cardíaca es la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad dentro de la amiloidosis. (AU)
Background: amyloidosis is a systemic disease resulting from the deposition of misfolding proteins, in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) fibrils are composed of fragments of monoclonal light chains. In Argentina the incidence density of AL amyloidosis is 4.54 per million people year. Case: a 71-year-old female patient who consults for neural pain located in the left upper limb, associated with edemas in both lower limbs and exertional dyspnea, weight loss, constipation and macroglossia. On physical examination she had blood pressure of 100/60 mmHg, afebrile, saturating 98% of ambient air, weight of 46 kg and body mass index of 18.9. The peripheral blood laboratory has Kappa free light chains: 5.8 mg/L, Lambda: 430 mg/L with K L ratio: 0.13 mg/L and a ProBNP of 1686 pg/mL. Abdominal fat biopsy reports positive Congo red staining. Cardiac magnetic resonance with contrast (gadolinium) has been performed and result compatible with cardiac amyloidosis. Chest CT showed an area of consolidation in the upper lobe of the right lung; positive congo red. With the diagnosis of AL amyloidosis she was treated with CYBORD. Autologous stem cell transplantation was performed. Discussion: cardiac involvement is the main cause of morbidity and mortality by amyloidosis. (AU)